2003/03/01 by P. G. Miedema, Miedema, P. G., W.A. van Leeuwen +2 · 1 citation
Physics and Astronomy · #Astrophysics (astro-ph) #Cosmology and Gravitation Theories #FOS: Physical sciences #General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc) #Quantum Electrodynamics and Casimir Effect #Quantum, superfluid, helium dynamics #astro-ph #gr-qc
paper · pdf · doi:10.48550/arxiv.gr-qc/0303004
Conclusions unchanged. Rewritten to make all details clear. References added. Criticism to former gauge-invariant theories removed. Title changed. 49 pages, 2 tables, no figures
openalex publication_date 2003/03/01 · arxiv created 2005/11/06 · arxiv updated 2009/11/30 · openalex created_date 2025/10/10 · openalex updated_date 2026/07/28
We propose a way to construct manifestly gauge independent quantities out of the gauge dependent quantities occurring in the linearized Einstein equations. Thereupon, we show that these gauge-invariant combinations can be identified with measurable perturbations to the particle and energy densities. In the radiation-dominated era we find, for small-scale perturbations, acoustic waves with an increasing amplitude, while standard treatments predict acoustic waves with a decaying amplitude. For large-scale perturbations we find exactly the same growth rates as in the standard literature. When considering the non-relativistic limit of the linearized Einstein equations we find the Poisson equation. It is shown, using the linearized Einstein equations, that the usual Newtonian treatment of density perturbations does not describe the evolution of density perturbations.