2018/08/24 by Benjamin Cromey, Cromey, Benjamin, Ryan J. Knox +3 · 1 citation
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology · Physics and Astronomy · #Advanced Fluorescence Microscopy Techniques #Advanced X-ray Imaging Techniques #FOS: Physical sciences #Optics (physics.optics) #Photonic Crystals and Applications
paper · pdf · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1810.03704
openalex publication_date 2018/08/24 · openalex created_date 2025/10/10 · openalex updated_date 2026/07/28
Many optical approaches have been used to examine the composition and structure of gemstones, both recently and throughout history. The nonlinear optical behavior of different gemstones has not been investigated, and the higher order terms to the refractive index represent an unused tool for qualifying and examining a stone. We have used a multiphoton microscope to examine the nonlinear optical properties of 36 different gemstones and demonstrate that it is a useful tool for imaging them three-dimensionally up to the millimeter scale below the sample surface. The polarization dependence of second harmonic generation signals was used to examine the crystal orientations inside the minerals.