2020/07/20 by Dimitri Pinel, Pinel, Dimitri, Magnus Korpås +1
Engineering · Environmental Science · Economics, Econometrics and Finance · #Building Energy and Comfort Optimization #Environmental Impact and Sustainability #Climate Change Policy and Economics
paper · pdf · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2007.10105
This paper presents new methods for ensuring that the energy system of a\nneighborhood that is designed with the objective of being zero emission is\nactually operated in a way that allows it to reach net zero emissions in its\nlifetime. This paper highlights the necessity of taking into account realistic\noperation strategies when designing the energy system of such neighborhoods. It\nalso suggests methods that can be used in the operation of ZENs to ensure\ncarbon neutrality. An optimization model for designing the energy system of a\nZero Emission Neighborhood (ZEN) is first presented and used to produce two\ndesigns for a campus in the South of Norway in the case where the amount of PV\nis limited (PVlim) and when it is not (Base). Several operation approaches are\nthen introduced to compare their operation cost and the CO2 emissions and\ncompensations. These approaches are perfect foresight used as a reference\n(Ref.),a purely economic model predictive control (E-MPC), an MPC with\npenalization if deviating from emission targets (EmE-MPC)and a receding horizon\nMPC where we have a net zero emission constraint over the year (RH-MPC). The\nresulting energy systems are, in the Base case, PV, heat pumps, a gas boiler\nand heat storage and, in the PVlim case, a smaller amount of PV, a CHP plant,\nand heat storage. In the Base case all operation strategies manage to reach net\nzero emissions, largely due to the passive compensations obtained from the PV.\nRH-MPC offers the lowest cost. In the PVlim case, the passive effect of the PV\nis not sufficient to reach net zero emissions and an operation approach\nspecifically taking into account the emissions is necessary. EmE-MPC achieves\nthe lowest emissions but it comes at a much higher cost. We conclude that the\nbest overall strategy is RH-MPC which maintains both the cost and the\nemission-compensation balance close to the reference case with perfect\nforesight.\n