Studies in astronomical time series analysis. II - Statistical aspects of spectral analysis of unevenly spaced data

1982/12/01 by J. D. Scargle · 7,435 citations
Chemistry · Computer Science · Mathematics · #Algorithm #Artificial intelligence #Astrophysics #Computer science #Mathematics #Noise (video) #Physics #Series (stratigraphy) #Spectral density #Spectroscopy and Chemometric Analyses #Statistics #Time Series Analysis and Forecasting #Time series

paper · doi:10.1086/160554

published in The Astrophysical Journal 263, 835 (IOP Publishing)

openalex publication_date 1982/12/01 · openalex created_date 2025/10/10 · openalex updated_date 2026/08/05

Abstract

Detection of a periodic signal hidden in noise is frequently a goal in astronomical data analysis. This paper does not introduce a new detection technique, but instead studies the reliability and efficiency of detection with the most commonly used technique, the periodogram, in the case where the observation times are unevenly spaced. This choice was made because, of the methods in current use, it appears to have the simplest statistical behavior. A modification of the classical definition of the periodogram is necessary in order to retain the simple statistical behavior of the evenly spaced case. With this modification, periodogram analysis and least-squares fitting of sine waves to the data are exactly equivalent. Certain difficulties with the use of the periodogram are less important than commonly believed in the case of detection of strictly periodic signals. In addition, the standard method for mitigating these difficulties (tapering) can be used just as well if the sampling is uneven. An analysis of the statistical significance of signal detections is presented, with examples

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• Asteroseismology of KIC 7107778: a binary comprising almost identical subgiants
• Detecting Outer Planets in Edge‐on Orbits: Combining Radial Velocity and Astrometric Techniques
• The cataclysmic variable CW 1045+525: A secondary-dominated dwarf nova?
• The pulsation modes of the pre-white dwarf PG 1159-035
• ECLIPSING BINARIES FROM THE CSTAR PROJECT AT DOME A, ANTARCTICA
• Mg II h+k emission lines as stellar activity indicators of main sequence F-K stars
• A Survey for Fast Transients in the Fornax Cluster of Galaxies
• The continuous period search method and its application to the young solar analogue HD 116956
• High precision astrometry mission for the detection and characterization of nearby habitable planetary systems with the Nearby Earth Astrometric Telescope (NEAT)
• Discovery of the 51.47-d orbital period in the supergiant fast X-ray transient XTE J1739−302 with INTEGRAL
• SUZAKUX-RAY SPECTRA AND PULSE PROFILE VARIATIONS DURING THE SUPERORBITAL CYCLE OF LMC X-4
• A spectroscopic survey of WNL stars in the Large Magellanic Cloud: general properties and binary status
• NSV 13983: a new dwarf nova in the period gap
• STELLAR ROTATION IN M35: MASS-PERIOD RELATIONS, SPIN-DOWN RATES, AND GYROCHRONOLOGY
• The near-synchronous polar V1432 Aql (RX J1940.1–1025): Accretion geometry and synchronization time scale
• INTEGRALANDSWIFTOBSERVATIONS OF THE Be X-RAY BINARY 4U 1036–56 (RX J1037.5–5647) AND ITS POSSIBLE RELATION WITH γ-RAY TRANSIENTS
• Detection of Periodicity Based on Independence Tests – II. Improved Serial Independence Measure
• Flare-generated acoustic oscillations in solar and stellar coronal loops
• Photometry of V1062 Tau: low states, short outbursts and period switching
• A method for evaluating the expectation value of a power spectrum using the probability density function of phases
• Short time-scale periodicity in OJ 287
• SWIFTOBSERVATIONS OF MAXI J1659–152: A COMPACT BINARY WITH A BLACK HOLE ACCRETOR
• A 10-h period revealed in optical spectra of the highly variable WN8 Wolf-Rayet star WR 123
• A new efficient method for determining weighted power spectra: detection of low-frequency solar p-modes by analysis of BiSON data
• MID-INFRARED PERIOD-LUMINOSITY RELATIONS OF RR LYRAE STARS DERIVED FROM THEWISEPRELIMINARY DATA RELEASE
• A Search for Pulsations in Helium White Dwarfs
• Light curves and colours of the faint Uranian irregular satellitesSycorax, Prospero, Stephano, Setebos, and Trinculo
• New developments of the ZZ Ceti instability strip: the discovery of 11 new variables★
• EXPLORING THE VARIABLE SKY WITH LINEAR. III. CLASSIFICATION OF PERIODIC LIGHT CURVES
• KEPLER-63b: A GIANT PLANET IN A POLAR ORBIT AROUND A YOUNG SUN-LIKE STAR
• KeplerandHaleobservations of V523 Lyrae
• Core properties ofαCentauri A using asteroseismology
• HST/ACS OBSERVATIONS OF RR LYRAE STARS IN SIX ULTRA-DEEP FIELDS OF M31
• DISCOVERY OF A SIGNIFICANT MAGNETIC CATACLYSMIC VARIABLE POPULATION IN THE LIMITING WINDOW
• A Search for Photometric Rotation Periods in Low-Mass Stars and Brown Dwarfs in the Pleiades
• Implications of the X-Ray Variability for the Mass of MCG −6-30-15
• A Neptune-sized transiting planet closely orbiting a 5–10-million-year-old star
• Resonances of low orders in the planetary system of HD37124
• The γ Doradus CoRoT target HD 49434
• Additional experimental evidence for a solar influence on nuclear decay rates
• Fine-Tuning the Accretion Disk Clock in Hercules X-1
• A possible black hole in the -ray microquasar LS 5039
• Discrete hierarchy of sizes and performances in the exchange-traded fund universe
• A 33 hour period for the Wolf-Rayet/black hole X-ray binary candidate NGC 300 X-1
• A SEARCH FOR PHOTOMETRIC VARIABILITY IN L- AND T-TYPE BROWN DWARF ATMOSPHERES
• A predator–prey model for moon-triggered clumping in Saturn’s rings
• DO PERIODICITIES IN EXTINCTION—WITH POSSIBLE ASTRONOMICAL CONNECTIONS—SURVIVE A REVISION OF THE GEOLOGICAL TIMESCALE?
• CONSTRAINTS ON THE UBIQUITY OF CORONAL X-RAY CYCLES
• Estimating activity cycles with probabilistic methods
• Millihertz quasi-periodic oscillations in 4U 1636−53 associated with bursts with positive convexity only
• The absence of sub-minute periodicity in classical T Tauri stars
• Anomaly detection in the Zwicky Transient Facility DR3
• Kinematics and multiband period–luminosity–metallicity relation of RR Lyrae stars via statistical parallax
• New seismological results on the G0 IV η Bootis
• Solar-like oscillations in Procyon A
• New bounds on dark matter coupling from a global network of optical atomic clocks
• Searching for Small Circumbinary Planets. I. The STANLEY Automated Algorithm and No New Planets in Existing Systems
• X-ray confirmation of the intermediate polar IGR J16547-1916
• Signature of inverse Compton emission from blazars
• Measuring time delays – I. Using a flux time series that is a linear combination of time-shifted light curves
• Distinguishing between a true period and its alias, and other tasks of model discrimination
• New Clues to the Evolution of Dwarf Carbon Stars From Their Variability and X-ray Emission
• Discovery of the 1.80 h spin period of the white dwarf of the symbiotic system BF Cyg
• Evidence for nonlinear resonant mode coupling in the β Cephei starHD 180642 (V1449 Aquilae) from CoRoT photometry
• Flickering in AGB stars: probing the nature of accreting companions
• Radial Velocities of Six OB Stars
• Evidence for a Very Slow X‐Ray Pulsar in 2S 0114+650 fromRossi X‐Ray Timing ExplorerAll‐Sky Monitor Observations
• The Search for a Counterpart to NuSTAR J053449+2126.0
• Rotational Modulation of M/L Dwarfs due to Magnetic Spots
• LONG-PERIOD VARIATIONS IN THE RADIAL VELOCITY OF SPECTROSCOPIC BINARY M GIANT μ URSAE MAJORIS
• A Phenomenological Model for the Light Curve of Three Quiescent Low-inclination Dwarf Novae and One Pre-cataclysmic Variable
• MANTRA: A Machine-learning Reference Light-curve Data Set for Astronomical Transient Event Recognition
• Let there be more variability in two γ Cas stars
• Light curve morphology study of UW CrB - evidence for a 5 d superorbital period
• Quasi-periodic oscillations in the long-term radio light curves of the blazar AO 0235+164
• An Alternative Model of the Magnetic Cataclysmic Variable V1432 Aquilae (=RX J1940.1−1025)
• Periodic class II methanol masers in G9.62+0.20E
• On posterior probability and significance level: application to the power spectrum of HD 49 933 observed by CoRoT
• Quasi periodic whispers from a transient ULX in M 101: signatures of a fast-spinning neutron star?
• Simulating the photometric study of pulsating white dwarf stars in the physics laboratory
• Discovery of four periodic methanol masers and updated light curve for a further one
• Radial velocity planet detection biases at the stellar rotational period
• Reconciling solar and stellar magnetic cycles with nonlinear dynamo simulations
• Rotation of Low-mass Stars in Taurus with K2
• Power-spectrum analyses of Super-Kamiokande solar neutrino data: Variability and its implications for solar physics and neutrino physics
• Photometric observations of 107P/Wilson–Harrington
• A comparative study of four significance measures for periodicity detection in astronomical surveys
• DEdicated MONitor of EXotransits and Transients (DEMONEXT): System Overview and Year One Results from a Low-cost Robotic Telescope for Followup of Exoplanetary Transits and Transients
• WD 1145+017: optical activity during 2016–2017 and limits on the X-ray flux
• The Detection of Multimodal Oscillations on α Ursae Majoris
• The spectral variations of the O-type runaway supergiant HD 188209
• Superhumps Behavior during Normal Outbursts in ER Ursae Majoris: Spectroscopy and Photometry
• Activity cycle of the giant star of Z Andromedae and its spin period
• A 2-d orbital period for a redback millisecond pulsar candidate in the globular cluster NGC 6397
• Time-Resolved Photometry of the Optical Counterpart of Swift J2319.4+2619
• A SEARCH FOR AGN INTRA-DAY VARIABILITY WITH KVN
• NEAR-IR DIRECT DETECTION OF WATER VAPOR IN TAU BOÖTIS b
• Chandra Probes the X-Ray Variability of M51 ULX-7: Evidence of Propeller Transition and X-Ray Dips on Orbital Periods
• Short-period variability in the Class II methanol maser source G12.89+0.49 (IRAS 18089−1732)
• Searching for periods in X-ray observations using Kuiper's test
• Gamma-ray flux depressions of the Crab Nebula in the high-energy range
• FIRST LONG-TERM OPTICAL SPECTRAL MONITORING OF A BINARY BLACK HOLE CANDIDATE E1821+643. I. VARIABILITY OF SPECTRAL LINES AND CONTINUUM
• 2FGL J0846.0+2820: A New Neutron Star Binary with a Giant Secondary and Variable γ-Ray Emission
• Optical photometric variable stars towards the Galactic H ii region NGC 2282
• RR Lyrae Stars in the Andromeda Halo from Deep Imaging with the Advanced Camera for Surveys
• Radial velocity data analysis with compressed sensing techniques
• No Periodicity Revealed for an “Eclipsing” Ultraluminous Supersoft X‐Ray Source in M81
• The Coronal Monsoon: Thermal Nonequilibrium Revealed by Periodic Coronal Rain
• High-speed photometry of Gaia14aae: an eclipsing AM CVn that challenges formation models
• A year-long AGILE observation of Cygnus X-1 in hard spectral state
• Metrics for Optimization of Large Synoptic Survey Telescope Observations of Stellar Variables and Transients
• Characterizing Long-term Optical Variability Properties of γ-ray Bright Blazars.
• VARIABILITY IN OPTICAL SPECTRA OF ϵ ORIONIS
• Swift J011511.0-725611: discovery of a rare Be star/white dwarf binary system in the SMC
• Magnification of mantle resonance as a cause of tectonics
• Timing Solution and Single-pulse Properties for Eight Rotating Radio Transients
• Atmospheric parameters and pulsational properties for a sample of δ Sct, γ Dor and hybrid Kepler targets★
• Planetary companions around the metal-poor star HIP 11952
• 1RXS J062518.2+733433: A new intermediate polar
• Narrow‐Angle Astrometry with theSpace Interferometry Mission: The Search for Extrasolar Planets. II. Detection and Characterization of Planetary Systems
• The Super-Soft Source Phase of the recurrent nova V3890 Sgr
• The complex variability of blazars: time-scales and periodicity analysis in S4 0954+65
• The First Extrasolar Planet Discovered with a New‐Generation High‐Throughput Doppler Instrument
• Multicomponent power-density spectra ofKeplerAGNs, an instrumental artefact or a physical origin?
• [PK2008] HalphaJ115927 and IGR J14091-6108: Two new intermediate polars above the period gap
• A search for planets in the metal-enriched binary HD 219542
• Black holes, gravitational waves and fundamental physics: a roadmap
• Long-term photometric monitoring with the Mercator telescope
• Narrow‐Angle Astrometry with theSpace Interferometry Mission: The Search for Extrasolar Planets. I. Detection and Characterization of Single Planets
• Rotation period distribution of CoRoT andKeplerSun-like stars
• Twenty-First-Century Statistical and Computational Challenges in Astrophysics
• Solar‐Driven Variation in the Atmosphere of Uranus
• The generalised Lomb-Scargle periodogram
• Inference of stochastic time series with missing data
• Discovery of a 23.8 h QPO in the Swift light curve of XMMU J134736.6+173403
• Multisite observations of the PMS δScuti star V351 Ori
• Generalized Lomb–Scargle analysis of ¹²³I and ^99mTc decay rate measurements
• Detection of periodicity based on independence tests – IV. Phase distance correlation periodogram for two-dimensional astrometry
• Time Variations in the Flux Density of Sgr A* at 230 GHz Detected with ALMA
• The transient ultraluminous X-ray source, ULX-4, in M51
• On the Radii of Extrasolar Giant Planets
• FALSE-ALARM PROBABILITY IN RELATION TO OVERSAMPLED POWER SPECTRA, WITH APPLICATION TO SUPER-KAMIOKANDE SOLAR NEUTRINO DATA
• Identification of the Low‐Mass X‐Ray Binary and Faint X‐Ray Sources in NGC 6652
• The closest extremely low-mass white dwarf to the Sun
• Detecting the signatures of Uranus and Neptune
• Statistical tests of noise and harmony in dark matter modulation signals
• Spectroscopic and photometric periods of six ultracompact accreting binaries
• Optical spectra of FO Aquarii during low and high accretion rates
• Spectropolarimetric follow-up of 8 rapidly rotating, X-ray bright FK Comae candidates
• Radio QPO in the γ-ray-loud X-ray binary LS I +61°303
• Sampling rate-corrected analysis of irregularly sampled time series
• A STUDY OF THE LOW-MASS X-RAY BINARY DIP SOURCES XB 1916 – 053, XB 1323 – 619, X 1624 – 490 AND 4U 1746 – 371 OBSERVED WITHINTEGRAL
• Identification of an X-ray Pulsar in the BeXRB system IGR J18219-1347
• Joint Hα and X‐Ray Observations of Massive X‐Ray Binaries. I. The B Supergiant System LS I +65 010 = 2S 0114+650
• Lamotrigine Therapy for Bipolar Depression: Analysis of Self-Reported Patient Data
• Search for Lorentz andCPTViolation Effects in Muon Spin Precession
• A population of short-period variable quasars from PTF as supermassive black hole binary candidates
• Long-period Jovian Tilts the Orbits of Two sub-Neptunes Relative to Stellar Spin Axis in Kepler-129
• A Suzaku X-ray observation of one orbit of the supergiant fast X-ray transient IGR J16479−4514
• Gravitational wave astronomy of single sources with a pulsar timing array
• Development of the opto-mechanical design for ICE-T
• Photometric and Spectroscopic Analysis of Four Contact Binaries
• New insights into time-series analysis IV: panchromatic and flux-independent period finding methods
• The first rotation periods in Praesepe
• Characteristics of the Permanent Superhumps in V533 Herculis
• The TESS Triple-9 Catalog: 999 uniformly vetted exoplanet candidates
• Starspot rotation rates versus activity cycle phase: Butterfly diagrams ofKeplerstars are unlike that of the Sun
• Tidal Synchronization and Differential Rotation of Kepler Eclipsing Binaries
• Carbon star CGCS 673 identified as a semi-regular variable star
• Variability in the extreme helium star LSS 5121
• Modulations of the cosmic muon signal in ten years of Borexino data
• Photometry of some more neglected bright cataclysmic variables and candidates
• The HARPS search for southern extra-solar planets
• Non-sinusoidal transit timing variations for the exoplanet HAT-P-12b
• Photometric Classifications of Evolved Massive Stars: Preparing for the Era of Webb and Roman with Machine Learning
• Tango of celestial dancers: A sample of detached eclipsing binary systems containingg-mode pulsating components
• Rotation periods for cool stars in the open cluster Ruprecht 147 (NGC 6774)
• When the disc’s away, the stars will play: dynamical masses in the nova-like variable KR Aur with a pinch of accretion
• Revisiting the Rigidly Rotating Magnetosphere model for Ori E - I. Observations and data analysis★
• Near-infrared angular diameters of a few asymptotic giant branch variables by lunar occultations
• One of the closest exoplanet pairs to the 3:2 mean motion resonance: K2-19b and c
• Intermediate-Term Periodicities in Soft X-ray Flare Index During Solar Cycles 21, 22 and 23
• A survey of TiOλ567 nm absorption in solar-type stars
• DEEP MMT TRANSIT SURVEY OF THE OPEN CLUSTER M37. III. STELLAR ROTATION AT 550 Myr
• Progenitor, precursor, and evolution of the dusty remnant of the stellar merger M31-LRN-2015
• Discovery of millihertz quasi-periodic oscillations in the X-ray binary EXO 0748−676
• First stars XI. Chemical composition of the extremely metal-poor dwarfs inthe binary CS 22876-032
• Combined Analysis of Solar Neutrino and Solar Irradiance Data: Further Evidence for Variability of the Solar Neutrino Flux and Its Implications Concerning the Solar Core
• NGTS-12b: A sub-Saturn mass transiting exoplanet in a 7.53 day orbit
• Soft Gamma‐Ray Repeaters in Nearby Galaxies: Rate, Luminosity Function, and Fraction among Short Gamma‐Ray Bursts
• Optical monitoring of the Seyfert galaxy NGC 4151 and possible periodicities in its historical light curve
• Supermassive Black Hole Binary Candidates from the Pan-STARRS1 Medium Deep Survey
• Cloud Atlas: Discovery of Rotational Spectral Modulations in a Low-mass, L-type Brown Dwarf Companion to a Star
• X‐Ray and Ultraviolet Orbital Phase Dependence in LMC X‐3
• Cassini UVIS observations of the Io plasma torus
• KEPLER-432: A RED GIANT INTERACTING WITH ONE OF ITS TWO LONG-PERIOD GIANT PLANETS
• UNDERSTANDING THE X-RAY FLARING FROM η CARINAE
• Coefficients of variation for detecting solar-like oscillations
• PAN-CHROMATIC OBSERVATIONS OF THE RECURRENT NOVA LMC 2009a (LMC 1971b)
• A simple test for periodic signals in red noise
• RADIAL VELOCITY PLANETS DE-ALIASED: A NEW, SHORT PERIOD FOR SUPER-EARTH 55 Cnc e
• TFAW: Wavelet-based signal reconstruction to reduce photometric noise in time-domain surveys
• Image-Subtraction Photometry of the Globular Cluster M3: Identification of New Double-Mode RR Lyrae Stars
• Orbital periods of cataclysmic variables identified by the SDSS - II. Measurements for six objects, including two eclipsing systems
• AN AO-ASSISTED VARIABILITY STUDY OF FOUR GLOBULAR CLUSTERS*
• Quasi‐Periodic Pulsations in Ionospheric TEC Synchronized With Solar Flare EUV Emission
• exofit: orbital parameters of extrasolar planets from radial velocities
• TOI-6324b: An Earth-Mass Ultra-Short-Period Planet Transiting a Nearby M Dwarf
• Thermal Non-equilibrium Cycles in a Non-eruptive Pseudo-Streamer
• On the Eccentricity Distribution of Exoplanets from Radial Velocity Surveys
• Interpreting the Variability of Double‐Peaked Emission Lines in Active Galactic Nuclei with Stochastically Perturbed Accretion Disk Models
• FIRST SEASON MWA EOR POWER SPECTRUM RESULTS AT REDSHIFT 7
• MM-ISTS: Cooperating Irregularly Sampled Time Series Forecasting with Multimodal Vision-Text LLMs
• Seasonal modulation of the 7 Be solar neutrino rate in Borexino
• Characterizing Three Candidate Magnetic Cataclysmic Variables from SDSS:XMM?Newtonand Optical Follow?up Observations1
• The power spectrum of the flux distribution in the Lyman forest of a large sample of UVES QSO absorption spectra (LUQAS)
• Secular Evolution in Mira Variable Pulsations
• Ultracompact AM Canum Venaticorum Binaries from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey: Three Candidates Plus the First Confirmed Eclipsing System
• Time-Series Ensemble Photometry and the Search for Variable Stars in the Open Cluster M11
• Search for Kink Events in Variable Fermi-LAT Blazars
• Real-time data mining of massive data streams from synoptic sky surveys
• A New Class of Roche Lobe–filling Hot Subdwarf Binaries
• Accretion dynamics of EX Lupi in quiescence The star, the spot, and the accretion column
• Evolution of the gulf of Cadiz margin and southwest Portugal contourite depositional system: Tectonic, sedimentary and paleoceanographic implications from IODP expedition 339
• Dataset of artefacts for machine learning applications in astronomy
• Sliding Windows and Persistence: An Application of Topological Methods to Signal Analysis
• A few days before the end of the 2008 extreme outburst of EX Lupi: accretion shocks and a smothered stellar corona unveiled by XMM-Newton
• QUASI-PERIODIC OSCILLATIONS OF ∼15 MINUTES IN THE OPTICAL LIGHT CURVE OF THE BL LAC S5 0716+714
• Multifractal Analysis of Pulsar Timing Residuals: Assessment of Gravitational Wave Detection
• THE NASA-UC ETA-EARTH PROGRAM. III. A SUPER-EARTH ORBITING HD 97658 AND A NEPTUNE-MASS PLANET ORBITING Gl 785
• Extraordinary Activity in the BL Lacertae Object OJ 287
• An analysis of apparent r-mode oscillations in solar activity, the solar diameter, the solar neutrino flux, and nuclear decay rates, with implications concerning the Sun’s internal structure and rotation, and neutrino processes
• A Catalog of M-dwarf Flares with ASAS-SN
• Least-squares spectral analysis [wikipedia]
• Robust parameter extraction for decision support using multimodal intensive care data. [europepmc]
• Using time-delayed mutual information to discover and interpret temporal correlation structure in complex populations. [europepmc]
• SW1PerS: Sliding windows and 1-persistence scoring; discovering periodicity in gene expression time series data. [europepmc]
• Longitudinal omics modeling and integration in clinical metabonomics research: challenges in childhood metabolic health research. [europepmc]
• Influence of age, irradiation and humanization on NSG mouse phenotypes. [europepmc]
• Behavioral Periodicity Detection from 24 h Wrist Accelerometry and Associations with Cardiometabolic Risk and Health-Related Quality of Life. [europepmc]
• Uncovering periodic patterns of space use in animal tracking data with periodograms, including a new algorithm for the Lomb-Scargle periodogram and improved randomization tests. [europepmc]
• Identifying stochastic oscillations in single-cell live imaging time series using Gaussian processes. [europepmc]
• Detection methods for stochastic gravitational-wave backgrounds: a unified treatment. [europepmc]
• Automated analysis of long-term grooming behavior in Drosophila using a k -nearest neighbors classifier. [europepmc]
• Recovery from supercooling, freezing, and cryopreservation stress in larvae of the drosophilid fly, Chymomyza costata. [europepmc]
• On detection of periodicity in C-reactive protein (CRP) levels. [europepmc]
• Precession-band variance missing from East Asian monsoon runoff. [europepmc]
• Rhythmicity of coastal marine picoeukaryotes, bacteria and archaea despite irregular environmental perturbations. [europepmc]
• Circadian rhythmicity persists through the Polar night and midnight sun in Svalbard reindeer. [europepmc]
• Post-ictal Modulation of Baroreflex Sensitivity in Patients With Intractable Epilepsy. [europepmc]
• Conservation and Diversification of Circadian Rhythmicity Between a Model Crassulacean Acid Metabolism Plant Kalanchoë fedtschenkoi and a Model C 3 Photosynthesis Plant Arabidopsis thaliana . [europepmc]
• Graph Theoretical Characteristics of EEG-Based Functional Brain Networks in Patients With Epilepsy: The Effect of Reference Choice and Volume Conduction. [europepmc]
• From skylight input to behavioural output: A computational model of the insect polarised light compass. [europepmc]
• The seasonality of diarrheal pathogens: A retrospective study of seven sites over three years. [europepmc]
• An Optimal Time for Treatment-Predicting Circadian Time by Machine Learning and Mathematical Modelling. [europepmc]
• Budgerigars have complex sleep structure similar to that of mammals. [europepmc]
• Frequency domain shows: Fall-related concerns and sensorimotor decline explain inability to adjust postural control strategy in older adults. [europepmc]
• Longitudinal saliva omics responses to immune perturbation: a case study. [europepmc]
• E-Prevention: Advanced Support System for Monitoring and Relapse Prevention in Patients with Psychotic Disorders Analyzing Long-Term Multimodal Data from Wearables and Video Captures. [europepmc]

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