2025/03/20 by Hamidani, Hamid, Ioka, Kunihito, Kashiyama, Kazumi +1 · 1 citation
#FOS: Physical sciences #High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE)
paper · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2503.16242
Recent observations indicate that stripped-envelope core-collapse supernovae are often surrounded by dense circumstellar material (CSM). Motivated by this, we develop an analytic model to systematically study the dynamics of long gamma-ray burst (LGRB) jet propagation in various CSM environments. We derive a general expression for the jet head velocity (β\rm h) and breakout time (t\rm b) valid across Newtonian, relativistic, and intermediate regimes, accounting for a previously unrecognized dependence on 1 - β\rm h. Our results highlight a fundamental distinction between jet propagation in massive stars, where β\rm h≪ 1, and in extended CSM, where 1-β\rm h≪ 1. We establish an analytic success/failure criterion for jets and express it in terms of jet and CSM parameters, revealing a strong dependence on CSM radius. To quantify the relativistic nature of the jet-cocoon system, we introduce the energy-weighted proper velocity Γβ. We identify three possible jet outcomes-(a) successful jets (Γβ ∼ 10-100), (b) barely failed jets (Γβ ∼ 1), and (c) completely failed jets (Γβ ∼ 0.1)-and constrain their respective jet/CSM parameter spaces. We show that in (b) and (c), large CSM radii can result in luminous fast blue optical transients via cocoon cooling emission. This theoretical framework provides a basis for future observational and theoretical studies to understand the link between LGRBs, intermediate GRBs, low-luminosity LGRBs, and their environments.