2026/07/16 by Isaac C. Radley, John D. Ilee, Gemma Busquet +18 · 1 voice
#astro-ph.GA #astro-ph.SR
We present an infrared, millimetre, and radio survey of 20 Class 0-III young stellar objects in the Ophiuchus A L1688 star-forming cluster, combining high-resolution (7-25 au) VLA and JWST observations with archival ALMA data. We implement physically motivated models to derive dust and ionised gas properties, spectral behaviour and their relative contributions through the millimetre-centimetre radio spectral energy distribution. Our models reveal circumstellar dust disks that are, on average, tens to hundreds of times more massive than millimetre-only estimates (subject to uncertainties arising from the choice of dust opacity) and contain millimetre-sized grains even at the Class 0 stage. Owing to the VLA's high resolution we are able to connect outflows to their origins, detecting protostellar jet emission on scales of 10s-1000s au. Our results represent a homogeneous characterisation of the dust and ionised gas properties in Ophiuchus and present a potential solution to the long-standing 'missing disk mass' problem. However, our understanding is still limited by resolution and sensitivity at frequencies <40 GHz. Future facilities like the SKA and ngVLA are needed to provide the necessary capabilities to fully spatially resolve this emission (<0.18") even in one of the closest star-forming regions.