The male-female wage gap in France: differences across the wage distribution
2013/04/01 by Wolfgang Goymann, Robert Breunig, Henrik Brumm +2 · 3 voices · 20 citations
Agricultural and Biological Sciences · Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology · Economics, Econometrics and Finance · Health Professions · Mathematics · Psychology · Social Sciences · #Accounting #Biological sciences #Biological sex #Biology #Chauvinism #Computer science #Demographic economics #Distribution (mathematics) #Diversity (politics) #Earnings #Econometrics #Economics #Employment and Welfare Studies #Environmental ethics #Epistemology #Genetic and Clinical Aspects of Sex Determination and Chromosomal Abnormalities #Insect and Arachnid Ecology and Behavior #Labor market dynamics and wage inequality #Labour economics #Law #Male female #Mathematics #Parametric statistics #Philosophy #Plant and animal studies #Political science #Politics #Project commissioning #Psychology #Publishing #Retirement, Disability, and Employment #Social psychology #Sociology #Statistics #Trait #Wage
paper · pdf · doi:10.1002/bies.202200173
published in BioEssays 16(1), 155-199 (Wiley)
openalex publication_date 2013/04/01 · openalex created_date 2025/10/10 · openalex updated_date 2026/07/02
Abstract
Biomedical and social scientists are increasingly calling the biological sex into question, arguing that sex is a graded spectrum rather than a binary trait. Leading science journals have been adopting this relativist view, thereby opposing fundamental biological facts. While we fully endorse efforts to create a more inclusive environment for gender-diverse people, this does not require denying biological sex. On the contrary, the rejection of biological sex seems to be based on a lack of knowledge about evolution and it champions species chauvinism, inasmuch as it imposes human identity notions on millions of other species. We argue that the biological definition of the sexes remains central to recognising the diversity of life. Humans with their unique combination of biological sex and gender are different from non-human animals and plants in this respect. Denying the concept of biological sex, for whatever cause, ultimately erodes scientific progress and may open the flood gates to "alternative truths."
Cited by
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- Sex diversity in the 21st century: Concepts, frameworks, and approaches for the future of neuroendocrinology
- Sexed Politics, Histories, and Futures
- Biological Sex Is Binary and Rooted in Anisogamy
- The Double Historicity of Sex and Gender
- Sex, fairness and the World Athletics regulations: a reply to Bowman-Smart et al.
- Mapping the Conceptual Terrain Avoiding Common Conflations: Tentative Guide to Fruitful Discussion about Sexes and Genders
- Gamete Size Is Essential for Understanding Sex and Sexual Selection in Humans, Animals, Plants, and Algae But Configurations of Sex-Linked Traits Are Practically Important for Understanding Sex. [europepmc]
- Fast evolutionary turnover and overlapping variances of sex-biased gene expression patterns defy a simple binary sex classification of somatic tissues. [europepmc]
- The Double Historicity of Sex and Gender. [europepmc]
- Lumping Sexes and Splitting Genders. [europepmc]
- A Proposal for Terminology for Clear Communication and Avoidance of Confusion in Relation to Sex, the Social Expectations of the Sexes and Gender Identity. [europepmc]
- Why There Are Exactly Two Sexes. [europepmc]
- Reframing the sex debate in scientific research: three frameworks to support rigor without rigidity. [europepmc]
- Sex diversity in the 21st century: Concepts, frameworks, and approaches for the future of neuroendocrinology. [europepmc]
- Yeast sexes: mating types do not determine the sexes in Metschnikowia species. [europepmc]
- "It's been a Process": A Multiple Case Study of Biology Instructor Efforts to Reform their Sex and Gender Curriculum to be More Inclusive of Students with Queer Genders and Intersex Students. [europepmc]
- The logic of conventional and reversed Bateman gradients. [europepmc]
- Are You Serious? The Absurdity of Policies Defining Two Sexes … Banning One and Erasing Others! [europepmc]
Discussions
- Nothing really new in here but recent debates have prompted us to offer further clarification on the topic building on the excellent previous contributions including: doi.org/10.1002/bies... doi.org [bsky, 39 points, 35 comments]
- Hey Dan, my seminar (Bio + EvAnth majors) is discussing Biology of Sex papers this week! I've found the Griffiths paper you shared is interesting, but a bit dense for undergrads. We are reading Goyman [bsky, 3 points, 2 comments]
- Sex is not complex, poorly evidenced, or controversial. It is determined by the two different gamete types an organism's body is adapted to produce. Male bodies are adapted to produce small, mobile ga [bsky, 2 points, 1 comments]
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