2003/04/06 by Carl H. Gibson, Gibson, Carl H., Rudolph E. Schild +1
Physics and Astronomy · #Astronomy and Astrophysical Research #Astrophysics (astro-ph) #Cosmology and Gravitation Theories #FOS: Physical sciences #Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena #Scientific Research and Discoveries #astro-ph
paper · pdf · doi:10.48550/arxiv.astro-ph/0304107
21 pages, 3 figures, for Astronomical Journal
arxiv created 2003/04/06 · openalex publication_date 2003/04/06 · arxiv updated 2009/12/01 · openalex created_date 2025/10/10 · openalex updated_date 2026/07/28
Stephan's Quintet (SQ) is a compact group of galaxies that has been well\nstudied since its discovery in 1877 but is mysterious using cold dark matter\nhierarchical clustering cosmology (CDMHCC). Anomalous red shifts z =\n(0.0027,0.019, 0.022, 0.022, 0.022) among galaxies in SQ either; reduce it to a\nTrio with two highly improbable intruders from CDMHCC, or support the Arp\n(1973) hypothesis that its red shifts may be intrinsic. An alternative is\nprovided by the Gibson 1996-2000 hydro-gravitational-theory (HGT) where\nsuperclusters, clusters and galaxies all originate by universe expansion and\ngravitational fragmentation in the super-viscous plasma epoch (after which the\ngas condenses as 1024 kg fog-particles in metastable 1036 kg\ndark-matter-clumps). By this fluid mechanical cosmology, the SQ galaxies gently\nseparated recently and remain precisely along a line of sight because of\nperspective and the small transverse velocities permitted by their sticky,\nviscous-gravitational, beginnings. Star and gas bridges and\nyoung-globular-star-cluster (YGC) trails observed by the HST are triggered as\nSQ galaxies separate through each other's frozen baryonic-dark-matter halos of\ndark proto-globular-cluster (PGC) clumps of planetary-mass\nprimordial-fog-particles (PFPs). Discordant red shifts (from CDMHCC) between\nangularly clustered quasars and bright galaxies are similarly explained by HGT.\n