2025/10/08 by Yijun Wang, Tao Wang, Wang, Yijun +19
Physics and Astronomy · #Astronomy and Astrophysical Research #Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena #Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA) #FOS: Physical sciences #Radio Astronomy Observations and Technology
paper · pdf · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2510.06752
openalex publication_date 2025/10/08 · openalex created_date 2025/10/18 · openalex updated_date 2026/07/31
Both jets and ionized outflows in active galactic nuclei (AGNs) are thought to play important roles in affecting the star formation and evolution of host galaxies, but their relationship is still unclear. As a pilot study, we performed a detailed spectral analysis for a radio-loud (RL) AGN 3C~59 (z=0.1096) by systematically considering various factors that may affect the fitting results, and thereby establishing a general spectral fitting strategy for subsequent research with larger sample. 3C~59 is one rare target for simultaneously studying jets and warm absorbers (WAs) that is one type of ionized outflows. Based on the multi-wavelength data from near-infrared (NIR) to hard X-ray bands detected by DESI, GALEX, and XMM-Newton, we used SPEX code to build broadband continuum models and perform photoionization modeling with PION code to constrain the physical parameters of WAs in 3C~59. We found two WAs with ionization parameter of log [ξ/(\rmerg cm s-1)] = 2.65+0.10-0.09 and 1.65± 0.11, respectively, and their outflowing velocities are v\rm out = -528+163-222 \rmkm s-1 and -228+121-122 \rmkm s-1, respectively. These WAs are located between outer torus and narrow (emission-)line region, and their positive v\rm out-ξ relation can be explained by the radiation-pressure-driven mechanism. We found that the estimations of these physical properties are affected by the different spectral fitting strategies, such as the inclusion of NIR to ultra-violet data, the choice of energy range of spectrum, or the composition of the spectral energy distribution. Based on the same fitting strategy, this work presents a comparative study of outflow driven mechanism between a RL AGN (3C 59) and a radio-quiet AGN (NGC 3227), which suggests a similar driven mechanism of their WA outflows and a negligible role of jets in this process.