Evidence for the Existence of Three Primary Strategies in Plants and Its Relevance to Ecological and Evolutionary Theory
1977/11/01 by J. P. Grime · 112 citations
Agricultural and Biological Sciences · Environmental Science · #Plant and animal studies #Ecology and Vegetation Dynamics Studies #Plant Parasitism and Resistance
paper · doi:10.1086/283244
Abstract
It is suggested that evolution in plants may be associated with the emergence of three primary strategies, each of which may be identified by reference to a number of characteristics including morphological features, resource allocation, phenology, and response to stress. The competitive strategy prevails in productive, relatively undisturbed vegetation, the stress-tolerant strategy is associated with continuously unproductive conditions, and the ruderal strategy is characteristic of severely disturbed but potentially productive habitats. A triangular model based upon the three strategies may be reconciled with the theory of r- and K-selection, provides an insight into the processes of vegetation succession and dominance, and appears to be capable of extension to fungi and to animals.
Cited by
- The Evolution of Thallus Form and Survival Strategies in Benthic Marine Macroalgae: Field and Laboratory Tests of a Functional Form Model
- Why there are so many definitions of fitness in models
- Exploring variation in leaf mass per area (LMA) from leaf to cell: An anatomical analysis of 26 woody species
- Occupancy and overlap in trait space along a successional gradient in Mediterranean old fields
- Two decades of resurrection studies: What have we learned about contemporary evolution of plant species?
- Drought Intensity Shapes Soil Legacy Effects on Grassland Plant and Soil Microbial Communities and Their Responses to Future Drought
- Grime's <scp>CSR</scp> theory revisited: A whole‐plant view of vascular plant functioning across contrasting environments
- Beaver wetlands create a buzz and a flutter for pollinators
- Seedling establishment in a dynamic sedimentary environment: a conceptual framework using mangroves
- Ecotypic Differentiation of Growth Processes in Carex Aquatilis along Latitudinal and Local Gradients
- Disturbance, resource pulses and invasion: short-term shifts in competitive effects, not growth responses, favour exotic annuals
- MICROBIAL STRESS-RESPONSE PHYSIOLOGY AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION
- Wind as a natural disturbance agent in forests: a synthesis
- Ecomorphology of a recent largeforaminifer, Operculina ammonoides
- Plant adaptive strategies respond to environmental change across European grassland habitats
- Functional coexistence theory: Identifying mechanisms linking biodiversity and ecosystem function
- Convergence towards higher leaf mass per area in dry and nutrient‐poor habitats has different consequences for leaf life span
- The world‐wide ‘fast–slow’ plant economics spectrum: a traits manifesto
- Evidence of the ‘plant economics spectrum’ in a subarctic flora
- Testing the environmental filtering concept in global drylands
- Leaf‐level resistance to frost, drought and heat covaries across European temperate tree seedlings
- Seedling Longevity under Deep Shade in Relation to Seed Size
- Using proxies of microbial community‐weighted means traits to explain the cascading effect of management intensity, soil and plant traits on ecosystem resilience in mountain grasslands
- Plant zonation in low‐latitude salt marshes: disentangling the roles of flooding, salinity and competition
- Nitrogen deposition and climate change have increased vascular plant species richness and altered the composition of grazed subalpine grasslands
- Quantifying neighbour effects on tree growth: Are common ‘competition’ indices biased?
- Species functional traits affect regional and local dominance across western Amazonian forests
- Counteracting Cascades Challenge the Heterogeneity—Stability Relationship
- Evolutionary origins, macroevolutionary dynamics, and climatic niche space of the succulent plant syndrome in the <i>Caryophyllales</i>
- Shifting baselines and the forgotten giants: integrating megafauna into plant community ecology
- Effects of sedimentation on macroalgae: species-specific responses are related to reproductive traits
- Allocation strategies for nitrogen and phosphorus in forest plants
- A Functional Group Approach to the Structure of Algal-Dominated Communities
- Codon bias, nucleotide selection, and genome size predict in situ bacterial growth rate and transcription in rewetted soil
- Evaluating the Usefulness of the C‐S‐R Framework for Understanding <scp>AM</scp> Fungal Responses to Climate Change in Agroecosystems
- Out Of The Quagmire Of Plant Defense Hypotheses
- Adaptive Intrinsic Growth Rates: An Integration Across Taxa
- Sparse subalpine forest recovery pathways, plant communities, and carbon stocks 34 years after stand‐replacing fire
- Effects of short-term grazing exclusion on vegetation and soil in early succession of a Subhumid Mediterranean reclaimed coal mine
- Herbivory in Relation to Plant Nitrogen Content
- TROPICAL RAINFOREST GAPS AND TREE SPECIES DIVERSITY
- Plant Ecological Strategies: Some Leading Dimensions of Variation Between Species
- Embracing plant–plant interactions—Rethinking predictions of species range shifts
- The Dilemma of Plants: To Grow or Defend
- Intensive mariculture shifts microbial communities and life-history strategies in the semi-enclosed bay: Case study in Sansha Bay, China
- Riverine landscape diversity
- Inconsistent geographical patterns of phylogenetic relatedness among different plant growth forms: A case study in woody and herbaceous angiosperms of China
- Microclimatic variation in tropical canopies: A glimpse into the processes of community assembly in epiphytic bryophyte communities
- Selective Feeding of the Duckweed Weevil on Three Common Species of Duckweed in Japan
- Resource Limitation in Plants-An Economic Analogy
- Trait filtering amidst high diversity of water-use strategies in Bromeliaceae: a contrast between coastal and inland inselbergs in the Atlantic Forest
- On the consistencies between CSR plant strategies and Ellenberg ecological indicator values
- Correlated evolution of dispersal traits and habitat preference in the melicgrasses
- Reconstructing the evolutionary history of herbaceous crops through trait‐based ecology
- Alignment across taxonomic levels in strategies rather than in traits along elevational gradients
- Life history complementarity and the maintenance of biodiversity
- Abiotic and biotic contexts shape the effect of disturbance on non‐native plant invasion
- A trait-based model to describe plant community dynamics in managed grasslands (GrasslandTraitSim.jl v1.0.0)
- Non-additive effects on plant mixtures flammability in a tropical mountain ecosystem
- Intraspecific variation and phenotypic plasticity of olive varieties in response to contrasting environmental conditions
- The Physiological Ecology of Plant Succession
- What we still don't know about invasion genetics
- Environmental stress destabilizes microbial networks
- Vegetation management intensity and landscape diversity alter plant species richness, functional traits and community composition across European vineyards
- Some new grand questions in soil biology and biochemistry
- Community Assembly, Niche Conservatism, and Adaptive Evolution in Changing Environments
- A Mechanistically Integrated Model of Exploitative and Interference Competition over a Single Resource Produces Widespread Coexistence
- Traits link drought resistance with herbivore defence and plant economics in semi‐arid grasslands: The central roles of phenology and leaf dry matter content
- Functional classifications and their application in phytoplankton ecology
- Vegetation and flow regime in lowland streams
- Simulated climate change magnifies genetic vulnerabilities from mutation load and maladaptation
- Competition and drought affect cleistogamy in a non-additive way in the annual ruderal <i>Lamium amplexicaule</i>
- Distance From the Road, Habitat Type and Environmental Factors Predict Distribution of Invasive and Native Plant Species in the Above‐Ground Vegetation and Soil Seedbanks
- On the Evolution of Complex Life Cycles in Plants: A Review and an Ecological Perspective
- Positive plant interactions in the Iberian Southeast: Mechanisms, environmental gradients, and ecosystem function
- Environmental severity promotes phylogenetic clustering in campo rupestre vegetation
- Trait divergence and trade‐offs among Brassicaceae species differing in elevational distribution
- Not only reseeder or resprouter plants: Trait syndromes and post‐fire responses of three iconic Mediterranean woody species
- Cross‐Continental Ecological Drivers Behind Trait Clines in the Forest Grass <i>Milium effusum</i>
- Spontaneous succession in limestone quarries as an effective restoration tool for endangered arthropods and plants
- Drought intensity alters productivity, carbon allocation and plant nitrogen uptake in fast versus slow grassland communities
- Real communities of virtual plants explain biodiversity on just three assumptions
- The combined effects of low light and low water on seedling growth vary in their severity based upon tree species and seedling traits
- Evolution of plant specialized metabolites: beyond ecological drivers
- Root contraction does not increase long-term population growth in <i>Pediocactus bradyi</i> , an endangered cactus of Northern Arizona
- Divergent Evolutionary Routes of Hypoxia Tolerance in Mangroves
- Integrative taxonomy supports DNA barcoding in revealing an abundant cryptic species in the United States Coastal Plain
- Evolution of dispersal and life history strategies--Tetrahymena ciliates. [europepmc]
- Testing the facilitation-competition paradigm under the stress-gradient hypothesis: decoupling multiple stress factors. [europepmc]
- Regeneration niche differentiates functional strategies of desert woody plant species. [europepmc]
- Suppression of fungal and nematode plant pathogens through arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. [europepmc]
- Impacts of environmental factors on fine root lifespan. [europepmc]
- Facilitation among plants in alpine environments in the face of climate change. [europepmc]
- Resource competition in plant invasions: emerging patterns and research needs. [europepmc]
- Untangling the fungal niche: the trait-based approach. [europepmc]
- Fungal traits that drive ecosystem dynamics on land. [europepmc]
- Effects of environmental factors and management practices on microclimate, winter physiology, and frost resistance in trees. [europepmc]
- Towards an Enhanced Understanding of Plant-Microbiome Interactions to Improve Phytoremediation: Engineering the Metaorganism. [europepmc]
- Plant-soil feedbacks promote negative frequency dependence in the coexistence of two aridland grasses. [europepmc]
- Root Branching Is a Leading Root Trait of the Plant Economics Spectrum in Temperate Trees. [europepmc]
- Behavioural, ecological and evolutionary responses to extreme climatic events: challenges and directions. [europepmc]
- Competitive Traits Are More Important than Stress-Tolerance Traits in a Cadmium-Contaminated Rhizosphere: A Role for Trait Theory in Microbial Ecology. [europepmc]
- Little plant, big city: a test of adaptation to urban environments in common ragweed ( Ambrosia artemisiifolia ). [europepmc]
- Determining Microbial Niche Breadth in the Environment for Better Ecosystem Fate Predictions. [europepmc]
- Phenotypic and metabolic plasticity shapes life-history strategies under combinations of abiotic stresses. [europepmc]
- Phytochemical and Ecological Analysis of Two Varieties of Hemp ( Cannabis sativa L.) Grown in a Mountain Environment of Italian Alps. [europepmc]
- Bacterial Tradeoffs in Growth Rate and Extracellular Enzymes. [europepmc]
- Soil microbial community responses to climate extremes: resistance, resilience and transitions to alternative states. [europepmc]
- Comparative physiological and biochemical mechanisms of salt tolerance in five contrasting highland quinoa cultivars. [europepmc]
- Life history strategies among soil bacteria-dichotomy for few, continuum for many. [europepmc]
- Ecological insights into soil health according to the genomic traits and environment-wide associations of bacteria in agricultural soils. [europepmc]
- Impacts of salinity stress on crop plants: improving salt tolerance through genetic and molecular dissection. [europepmc]
Related