2023/08/10 by Adam Burrows, David Vartanyan, Burrows, Adam +3 · 8 citations
Physics and Astronomy · #Astrophysical Phenomena and Observations #FOS: Physical sciences #Gamma-ray bursts and supernovae #High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE) #Pulsars and Gravitational Waves Research #Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR)
paper · pdf · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2308.05798
openalex publication_date 2023/08/10 · openalex created_date 2023/08/15 · openalex updated_date 2026/08/01
We have simulated the collapse and evolution of the core of a solar-metallicity 40-M\odot star and find that it explodes vigorously by the neutrino mechanism. This despite its very high "compactness". Within ∼1.5 seconds of explosion, a black hole forms. The explosion is very asymmetrical and has a total explosion energy of ∼1.6×1051 ergs. At black hole formation, its baryon mass is ∼2.434 M\odot and gravitational mass is 2.286 M\odot. Seven seconds after black hole formation an additional ∼0.2 M\odot is accreted, leaving a black hole baryon mass of ∼2.63 M\odot. A disk forms around the proto-neutron star, from which a pair of neutrino-driven jets emanates. These jets accelerate some of the matter up to speeds of ∼45,000 km s-1 and contain matter with entropies of ∼50. The large spatial asymmetry in the explosion results in a residual black hole recoil speed of ∼1000 km s-1. This novel black-hole formation channel now joins the other black-hole formation channel between ∼12 and ∼15 M\odot discovered previously and implies that the black-hole/neutron-star birth ratio for solar-metallicity stars could be ∼20%. However, one channel leaves black holes in perhaps the ∼5-15 M\odot range with low kick speeds, while the other leaves black holes in perhaps the ∼2.5-3.0 M\odot mass range with high kick speeds. However, even ∼8.8 seconds after core bounce the newly-formed black hole is still accreting at a rate of ∼2×10-2 M\odot s-1 and whether the black hole eventually achieves a significantly larger mass over time is yet to be determined.