An Experimental Study of Apparent Behavior
1944/04/01 by Fritz Heider, Marianne Simmel, Marianne L. Simmel · 1 voice · 3,333 citations
Psychology · Social Sciences · #Cognitive Abilities and Testing #Cognitive psychology #Early Childhood Education and Development #Psychoanalysis #Psychology
paper · doi:10.2307/1416950
published in The American Journal of Psychology 57(2), 243 (University of Illinois Press)
openalex publication_date 1944/04/01 · openalex created_date 2025/10/10 · openalex updated_date 2026/07/31
Cited by
- Using movement and intentions to understand human activity
- Trusting Automation: Designing for Responsivity and Resilience
- The psychophysics of chasing: A case study in the perception of animacy
- The Power of Tentative Truth: The Impacts of Enhanced Science Instruction on Student Paranormal Beliefs
- Explanation in artificial intelligence: Insights from the social sciences
- Emerging perception of causality in action-and-reaction sequences from 4 to 6months of age: Is it domain-specific?
- Anthropomorphism as Cognitive Bias
- Behaviorally-relevant features of observed actions dominate cortical representational geometry in natural vision
- Toward a hierarchical model of social cognition: A neuroimaging meta-analysis and integrative review of empathy and theory of mind.
- Digital Games, Design, and Learning
- Construal-level theory of psychological distance.
- Making sense of abstract events: Building event schemas
- The Neural Bases of Social Cognition and Story Comprehension
- On seeing human: A three-factor theory of anthropomorphism.
- LLMorphism: When humans come to see themselves as language models
- A Pragmatic View of AI Personhood
- Segmentation in reading and film comprehension.
- Re-evaluating Theory of Mind evaluation in large language models
- Towards a Unified Planner For Socially-Aware Navigation
- Multi-Agent Common Knowledge Reinforcement Learning
- Limbomorphs
- Detecting Biological Locomotion in Video: A Computational Approach
- No Exceptionalism: Norms of Inquiry in the Science of Animal Consciousness
- Integrating media content analysis, reception analysis, and media effects studies
- Spot The Ball: A Benchmark for Visual Social Inference
- Construal Levels and Psychological Distance: Effects on Representation, Prediction, Evaluation, and Behavior
- Morgan's Quaker gun and the species of belief
- Three strategies for shared intention: plural, aggregate and reductive
- Estimating the Impact of “Humanizing” Customer Service Chatbots
- “With a Little Help from my Friends”: Exploring Pseudo-Social Music Listening Experiences
- Presence, Explicated
- Toward an empathy-based trust in human-otheroid relations
- Does Mining Fuel Bubbles? An Experimental Study on Cryptocurrency Markets
- Gentlemen on the Road: Understanding How Pedestrians Interpret Yielding Behavior of Autonomous Vehicles using Machine Learning
- Virtual Reality Social Cognition Training for Young Adults with High-Functioning Autism
- Perceptions of Sentient AI and Other Digital Minds: Evidence from the AI, Morality, and Sentience (AIMS) Survey
- Where will the triangle look for it? Attributing false beliefs to a geometric shape at 17 months
- Decoding the physics of observed actions in the human brain
- Multidimensional scaling of emotional responses to music: The effect of musical expertise and of the duration of the excerpts
- The Scientific Study of Consciousness Cannot and Should Not Be Morally Neutral
- Human Semantic Representations of Social Interactions from Moving Shapes
- Types of Intentionality in Humans vs. AI Systems and Robots
- Conscious Perception as Augmented Reality
- Bodily expressions as gestalts. An argument for grounding direct perception theories
- Active World Model Learning with Progress Curiosity
- Socially intelligent robots: dimensions of human–robot interaction
- Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases
- Knowledge Isn't Power: The Ethics of Social Robots and the Difficulty of Informed Consent
- Congestion-aware Multi-agent Trajectory Prediction for Collision Avoidance
- Learning to Communicate Implicitly By Actions
- Architectural and Representational Requirements for Seeing Processes, Proto-affordances and Affordances
- Biological agency: a concept without a research program
- Imagination and social cognition in childhood
- A Neuro-Symbolic Humanlike Arm Controller for Sophia the Robot
- Naturalizing Anthropomorphism: Behavioral Prompts to Our Humanizing of Animals
- Social cognition and the brain: A meta‐analysis
- Through a looking glass, darkly: Using mechanisms of mind perception to identify accuracy, overconfidence, and underappreciated means for improvement
- Tingle-Eliciting Audiovisual Properties of Autonomous Sensory Meridian Response (ASMR) Videos
- The impact of persuasion literacy training on anthropomorphization, privacy, and self-determined interactions with intelligent voice assistants
- Exploring the natural foundations of religion
- Learning Triadic Belief Dynamics in Nonverbal Communication from Videos
- Attributes of God: Conceptual Foundations of a Foundational Belief
- Cognitive Biases Associated With Specific and Generalized Beliefs in Conspiracy Theory
- Oral Storytelling and Knowledge Transmission in Upper Paleolithic Children and Adolescents
- F2A2: Flexible Fully-decentralized Approximate Actor-critic for Cooperative Multi-agent Reinforcement Learning
- R3-VQA: "Read the Room" by Video Social Reasoning
- Robot Mindreading and the Problem of Trust
- Data-Driven Modeling of Group Entitativity in Virtual Environments
- The Social Attribution Task - Multiple Choice (SAT-MC): Psychometric comparison with social cognitive measures for schizophrenia research
- Learning to relate images: Mapping units, complex cells and simultaneous eigenspaces
- Ethics of Socially Disruptive Technologies
- fog: Expressing Motion and Emotion through Function Composition of AI-Generated Code
- Someone is pulling the strings: hypersensitive agency detection and belief in conspiracy theories
- The neuroscience of people watching: how the human brain makes sense of other people's encounters
- Agenda-Setting, Priming, and Framing Revisited: Another Look at Cognitive Effects of Political Communication
- Human–dog relationships as a working framework for exploring human–robot attachment: a multidisciplinary review
- Präexistente Musik im Film
- Medical conspiracy theories: cognitive science and implications for ethics
- Theory of mind: mechanisms, methods, and new directions
- The trouble with memes
- Goal Contagion: Perceiving Is for Pursuing.
- Dehumanized Perception
- Weaving the fabric of social interaction: Articulating developmental psychology and cognitive neuroscience in the domain of motor cognition
- On being happy and mistaken: Mood effects on the fundamental attribution error.
- Supernatural believers attribute more intentions to random movement than skeptics: An fMRI study
- And Lead Us (Not) into Persuasion…? Persuasive Technology and the Ethics of Communication
- A Touching Sight
- Social responsiveness to inanimate entities: Altered white matter in a ‘social synaesthesia’
- Religion is natural
- Emanuel Miller lecture: Confusions and controversies about Asperger syndrome
- For the law, neuroscience changes nothing and everything
- Ethnomethodology's Program
- Animation Techniques in Human-Robot Interaction User Studies
- Shedding Light on Black Box Machine Learning Algorithms: Development of an Axiomatic Framework to Assess the Quality of Methods that Explain Individual Predictions
- Frontal Lobe Contributions to Theory of Mind
- Autism, Asperger syndrome and brain mechanisms for the attribution of mental states to animated shapes
- Social brains, simple minds: does social complexity really require cognitive complexity? [europepmc]
- Socially intelligent robots: dimensions of human-robot interaction. [europepmc]
- Evolving intentions for social interaction: from entrainment to joint action. [europepmc]
- Social cognition. [europepmc]
- The intense world syndrome--an alternative hypothesis for autism. [europepmc]
- The social brain: allowing humans to boldly go where no other species has been. [europepmc]
- Virtual reality social cognition training for young adults with high-functioning autism. [europepmc]
- Social perception in autism spectrum disorders: impaired category selectivity for dynamic but not static images in ventral temporal cortex. [europepmc]
- Social cognition in schizophrenia: from social stimuli processing to social engagement. [europepmc]
- Theory of mind: mechanisms, methods, and new directions. [europepmc]
- Neural correlates of auditory temporal predictions during sensorimotor synchronization. [europepmc]
- Episodic memory and episodic future thinking impairments in high-functioning autism spectrum disorder: an underlying difficulty with scene construction or self-projection? [europepmc]
- Common brain areas engaged in false belief reasoning and visual perspective taking: a meta-analysis of functional brain imaging studies. [europepmc]
- Validating the Why/How contrast for functional MRI studies of Theory of Mind. [europepmc]
- The case for social evaluation in preverbal infants: gazing toward one's goal drives infants' preferences for Helpers over Hinderers in the hill paradigm. [europepmc]
- Two routes to actorhood: lexicalized potency to act and identification of the actor role. [europepmc]
- The shaping of social perception by stimulus and knowledge cues to human animacy. [europepmc]
- Two social brains: neural mechanisms of intersubjectivity. [europepmc]
- Seeing More Than Human: Autism and Anthropomorphic Theory of Mind. [europepmc]
- Is There a Link Between Autistic People Being Perceived Unfavorably and Having a Mind That Is Difficult to Read? [europepmc]
- Impact of Aging on Empathy: Review of Psychological and Neural Mechanisms. [europepmc]
- What Do You Have in Mind? Measures to Assess Mental State Reasoning in Neuropsychiatric Populations. [europepmc]
- Social brain activation during mentalizing in a large autism cohort: the Longitudinal European Autism Project. [europepmc]
- The "Narratives" fMRI dataset for evaluating models of naturalistic language comprehension. [europepmc]
- Hierarchical organization of social action features along the lateral visual pathway. [europepmc]
Discussions