1993/11/11 by Mário Everaldo de Souza, Mario Everaldo de Souza, de Souza, Mario Everaldo
Earth and Planetary Sciences · Physics and Astronomy · #Cold Fusion and Nuclear Reactions #FOS: Physical sciences #High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph) #Quantum Chromodynamics and Particle Interactions #Quantum Mechanics and Applications #hep-ph
paper · pdf · doi:10.48550/arxiv.hep-ph/9311273
30 pages, 28 tables and 1 figure(sent upon request); text in Latex, report no. MES-02-092493
arxiv created 1993/11/11 · openalex publication_date 1993/11/11 · arxiv updated 2009/11/30 · openalex created_date 2025/10/10 · openalex updated_date 2026/07/28
By means of a general classification of the different kinds of matter which were formed along the universal expansion, the paper shows that the force of nature form a chain from the world of the prequarks to the galaxies. It is shown that matter has a generalized structured state characterized by some degree of order and by a Lennard-Jones effective potential. The existence of this state at the level of quarks and galaxies suggests that nature has two more fundamental forces, a superstrong interaction which acts among prequarks and quarks, and a superweak interaction which acts among galaxies and clusters of galaxies. Quark confinement is explained from first principles. The energies of all hadrons, including all known resonances, are calculated in a simple manner. The error, for each particle, between calculated and experimental values, is below 5%, in general, and goes as low as 0.5% for some levels. The energies of all the other hadrons(which have not been found experimentally) are predicted. The energies of the excited states of quarks are calculated. According to the work the Higgs boson does not exist, since the masses of hadrons and quarks are generated by an effective potential which comes about from the combination of the strong and superstrong interactions.