2004/02/26 by C. G. S. Costa, Costa, C. G. S.
Physics and Astronomy · #FOS: Physical sciences #Quantum Mechanics and Applications #Quantum Physics (quant-ph) #quant-ph
paper · pdf · doi:10.48550/arxiv.quant-ph/0402200
11 pages, Elsart document class
arxiv created 2004/02/26 · openalex publication_date 2004/02/26 · arxiv updated 2009/12/01 · openalex created_date 2025/10/10 · openalex updated_date 2026/07/28
We define a new dynamical variable, the relative existence e, in terms of space and time. Taking it as a generalized positional coordinate, we show that for conservative systems the canonically conjugated momentum is identified as the classical force. Applying Wilson-Sommerfeld-Bohr's quantum conditions for a conditionally periodic motion, we derive an expression for the quantum force, F = hbar k fe, where k is the wave number and fe is the characteristic frequency of the system. Applying Dirac's method to the Poisson Brackets involving existence and force, we obtain the uncertainty relation Delta e Delta F >= hbar/2. The force quantization may have already been observed in stimulated bichromatic optical force experiments, used to deflect, decelerate and manipulate laser-cooled atomic beams.