The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale

1983/06/01 by A. S. Zigmond, R. P. Snaith · 46,907 citations
Medicine · Psychology · #Anxiety #Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes #Cardiac Health and Mental Health #Clinical psychology #Depression (economics) #Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale #Medicine #Outpatient clinic #Psychiatry #Psychology #Psychosomatic Disorders and Their Treatments #Scale (ratio)

paper · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x

published in Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 67(6), 361-370 (Wiley)

openalex publication_date 1983/06/01 · openalex created_date 2025/10/10 · openalex updated_date 2026/08/05

Abstract

A self-assessment scale has been developed and found to be a reliable instrument for detecting states of depression and anxiety in the setting of an hospital medical outpatient clinic. The anxiety and depressive subscales are also valid measures of severity of the emotional disorder. It is suggested that the introduction of the scales into general hospital practice would facilitate the large task of detection and management of emotional disorder in patients under investigation and treatment in medical and surgical departments.

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• A Cross-sectional Study to Understand Quality of Life in Cases with Hematological Malignancy
• Prevalence of fatigue in Guillain-Barre syndrome in neurological rehabilitation setting
• Fitness training for cardiorespiratory conditioning after traumatic brain injury
• Capture by misleading information and its false acceptance in patients with traumatic brain injury
• The Relative Importance of Metacognitive Skills, Emotional Status, and Executive Function in Psychosocial Adjustment Following Acquired Brain Injury
• Slow wave and REM sleep deprivation effects on explicit and implicit memory during sleep.
• Sleep in Mother and Child Dyads During Treatment for Pediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
• Group Psychosocial Interventions Following Acquired Brain Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Group Process and Outcomes
• Evaluation of the breathworks mindfulness‐based pain management programme: effects on well‐being and multiple measures of mindfulness
• A pilot study of the effects of flumazenil on symptoms persisting after benzodiazepine withdrawal
• Non-pharmacological intervention for breathlessness in lung cancer
• No pain, no gain: cross-lagged analyses of posttraumatic growth and anxiety, depression, posttraumatic stress and prolonged grief symptoms after loss
• Trends of concerns from diagnosis in patients with advanced lung cancer and their family caregivers: A 2-year longitudinal study
• Evidence-based guidelines for treating depressive disorders with antidepressants: A revision of the 2008 British Association for Psychopharmacology guidelines
• The Nurse’s Role in Primary Care Antidepressant Medication Adherence
• Factors related to long‐duration pain and sick leave among Swedish staff working in the public health service
• Does affiliation to a cross‐sectorial lung team impact well‐being, health‐related quality of life, symptoms of anxiety and depression and patient involvement in patients with COPD? A randomised controlled trial
• Opioids in patients with COPD and refractory dyspnea: literature review and design of a multicenter double blind study of low dosed morphine and fentanyl (MoreFoRCOPD)
• The impact of alcohol addiction on the quality of life, mental condition, clinical condition and nutritional status of patients with head and neck cancer
• Managing Lymphedema and Fibrosis in Head and Neck Cancer Survivors: A Data Analysis on Self-Care Behaviors
• Post-COVID-19 Condition in Hospitalized Survivors After 1 Year of Infection During the Alpha- and Delta-variant Dominant Waves in Japan: COVID-19 Recovery Study II
• Management of patients after primary percutaneous coronary intervention for myocardial infarction
• Distress screening and management for adolescents and young adults: 2022 NCI community oncology program landscape assessment
• Long-Term Disability Assessment After Surgical Treatment of Low Grade Spondylolisthesis
• The course of anxiety symptoms in the 24 months after start of stroke rehabilitation and its relation with psychological care and unmet needs: an observational prospective cohort study
• Measuring well-being rather than the absence of distress symptoms: a comparison of the SF-36 Mental Health subscale and the WHO-Five Well-Being Scale. [europepmc]
• The UK Standardisation of Breast Radiotherapy (START) Trial A of radiotherapy hypofractionation for treatment of early breast cancer: a randomised trial. [europepmc]
• Anxiety and depression in COPD: current understanding, unanswered questions, and research needs. [europepmc]
• Long-term psychiatric morbidities among SARS survivors. [europepmc]
• Depression and cancer mortality: a meta-analysis. [europepmc]
• Cultural adaptation into Spanish of the generalized anxiety disorder-7 (GAD-7) scale as a screening tool. [europepmc]
• The effect of mindfulness-based therapy on anxiety and depression: A meta-analytic review. [europepmc]
• Measures of anxiety: State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Anxiety (HADS-A). [europepmc]
• Major depressive disorder is associated with broad impairments on neuropsychological measures of executive function: a meta-analysis and review. [europepmc]
• A Systematic Review Assessing Bidirectionality between Sleep Disturbances, Anxiety, and Depression. [europepmc]
• The PRESERVE mortality risk score and analysis of long-term outcomes after extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for severe acute respiratory distress syndrome. [europepmc]
• Guidelines for the treatment of hypothyroidism: prepared by the american thyroid association task force on thyroid hormone replacement. [europepmc]
• The Cambridge Centre for Ageing and Neuroscience (Cam-CAN) study protocol: a cross-sectional, lifespan, multidisciplinary examination of healthy cognitive ageing. [europepmc]
• Patient-Reported Outcomes after Monitoring, Surgery, or Radiotherapy for Prostate Cancer. [europepmc]
• A randomised controlled trial of dietary improvement for adults with major depression (the 'SMILES' trial). [europepmc]
• Gender differences in depression in representative national samples: Meta-analyses of diagnoses and symptoms. [europepmc]
• Psychological impact of the 2015 MERS outbreak on hospital workers and quarantined hemodialysis patients. [europepmc]
• Risk and predictors of dementia and parkinsonism in idiopathic REM sleep behaviour disorder: a multicentre study. [europepmc]
• The Relationship Between Burnout, Depression, and Anxiety: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. [europepmc]
• The Global Prevalence of Anxiety Among Medical Students: A Meta-Analysis. [europepmc]
• Effect of Multimodal Prehabilitation vs Postoperative Rehabilitation on 30-Day Postoperative Complications for Frail Patients Undergoing Resection of Colorectal Cancer: A Randomized Clinical Trial. [europepmc]
• Levels and predictors of anxiety, depression and health anxiety during COVID-19 pandemic in Turkish society: The importance of gender. [europepmc]
• Anxiety disorders. [europepmc]
• Long-Term Sequelae of COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of One-Year Follow-Up Studies on Post-COVID Symptoms. [europepmc]
• Association Between Physical Activity and Risk of Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. [europepmc]

Related

• The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale
• Self-Rating Depression Scale in an Outpatient Clinic
• A Validation of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) in the Medically-Ill
• The structure of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale: Theoretical and methodological considerations
• A Self-Rating Depression Scale