Teaching, practising and testing listening comprehension using radio
1985/01/01 by Vince Polito, John Kinder, Richard J. Stevenson · 1 voice · 31 citations
Psychology · Social Sciences · Arts and Humanities · #Communication in Education and Healthcare #Online and Blended Learning #EFL/ESL Teaching and Learning
paper · pdf · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0211023
Abstract
The phenomenon of 'microdosing', that is, regular ingestion of very small quantities of psychedelic substances, has seen a rapid explosion of popularity in recent years. Individuals who microdose report minimal acute effects from these substances yet claim a range of long-term general health and wellbeing benefits. There have been no published empirical studies of microdosing and the current legal and bureaucratic climate makes direct empirical investigation of the effects of psychedelics difficult. In Study One we conducted a systematic, observational investigation of individuals who microdose. We tracked the experiences of 98 microdosing participants, who provided daily ratings of psychological functioning over a six week period. 63 of these additionally completed a battery of psychometric measures tapping mood, attention, wellbeing, mystical experiences, personality, creativity, and sense of agency, at baseline and at completion of the study. Analyses of daily ratings revealed a general increase in reported psychological functioning across all measures on dosing days but limited evidence of residual effects on following days. Analyses of pre and post study measures revealed reductions in reported levels of depression and stress; lower levels of distractibility; increased absorption; and increased neuroticism. To better understand these findings, in Study Two we investigated pre-existing beliefs and expectations about the effects of microdosing in a sample of 263 naïve and experienced microdosers, so as to gauge expectancy bias. All participants believed that microdosing would have large and wide-ranging benefits in contrast to the limited outcomes reported by actual microdosers. Notably, the effects believed most likely to change were unrelated to the observed pattern of reported outcomes. The current results suggest that dose controlled empirical research on the impacts of microdosing on mental health and attentional capabilities are needed.
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- Epidemiology of Hallucinogen Microdosing Among Young Adults in the United States: A National Study
- Acute Mood-Elevating Properties of Microdosed Lysergic Acid Diethylamide in Healthy Volunteers: A Home-Administered Randomized Controlled Trial
- Motives and Side-Effects of Microdosing With Psychedelics Among Users. [europepmc]
- Modulation of Serum Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor by a Single Dose of Ayahuasca: Observation From a Randomized Controlled Trial. [europepmc]
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- Acute Subjective and Behavioral Effects of Microdoses of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide in Healthy Human Volunteers. [europepmc]
- Safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of low dose lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in healthy older volunteers. [europepmc]
- Preliminary Report on the Effects of a Low Dose of LSD on Resting-State Amygdala Functional Connectivity. [europepmc]
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- Psychedelic Research and the Need for Transparency: Polishing Alice's Looking Glass. [europepmc]
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- Psychedelics as a Treatment for Alzheimer's Disease Dementia. [europepmc]
- Positive expectations predict improved mental-health outcomes linked to psychedelic microdosing. [europepmc]
- Chronic, Intermittent Microdoses of the Psychedelic N , N -Dimethyltryptamine (DMT) Produce Positive Effects on Mood and Anxiety in Rodents. [europepmc]
- Low Doses of Psilocybin and Ketamine Enhance Motivation and Attention in Poor Performing Rats: Evidence for an Antidepressant Property. [europepmc]
- Predicting Reactions to Psychedelic Drugs: A Systematic Review of States and Traits Related to Acute Drug Effects. [europepmc]
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- Low doses of LSD reduce broadband oscillatory power and modulate event-related potentials in healthy adults. [europepmc]
- Psychedelics and Other Psychoplastogens for Treating Mental Illness. [europepmc]
- Adults who microdose psychedelics report health related motivations and lower levels of anxiety and depression compared to non-microdosers. [europepmc]
- Psilocybin microdosing does not affect emotion-related symptoms and processing: A preregistered field and lab-based study. [europepmc]
- Repeated low doses of LSD in healthy adults: A placebo-controlled, dose-response study. [europepmc]
- Microdosing with psilocybin mushrooms: a double-blind placebo-controlled study. [europepmc]
- Adolescent and adult time trends in US hallucinogen use, 2002-19: any use, and use of ecstasy, LSD and PCP. [europepmc]
- Self-blinding citizen science to explore psychedelic microdosing. [europepmc]
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