Intraspecific competition drives increased resource use diversity within a natural population
2006/12/19 by Richard Svanbäck, Daniel I. Bolnick, Daniel I Bolnick · 906 citations
Agricultural and Biological Sciences · Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology · Environmental Science · #Animal Behavior and Reproduction #Animal Ecology and Behavior Studies #Biology #Character displacement #Coexistence theory #Competition (biology) #Ecology #Evolution and Genetic Dynamics #Interspecific competition #Intraspecific competition #Niche #Population #Predation #Storage effect #Sympatric speciation #Sympatry
paper · open access · doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.0198
published in Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences 274(1611), 839-844 (Royal Society)
openalex publication_date 2006/12/19 · openalex created_date 2025/10/10 · openalex updated_date 2026/07/28
Abstract
Resource competition is thought to play a major role in driving evolutionary diversification. For instance, in ecological character displacement, coexisting species evolve to use different resources, reducing the effects of interspecific competition. It is thought that a similar diversifying effect might occur in response to competition among members of a single species. Individuals may mitigate the effects of intraspecific competition by switching to use alternative resources not used by conspecific competitors. This diversification is the driving force in some models of sympatric speciation, but has not been demonstrated in natural populations. Here, we present experimental evidence confirming that competition drives ecological diversification within natural populations. We manipulated population density of three-spine sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) in enclosures in a natural lake. Increased population density led to reduced prey availability, causing individuals to add alternative prey types to their diet. Since phenotypically different individuals added different alternative prey, diet variation among individuals increased relative to low-density control enclosures. Competition also increased the diet-morphology correlations, so that the frequency-dependent interactions were stronger in high competition. These results not only confirm that resource competition promotes niche variation within populations, but also show that this increased diversity can arise via behavioural plasticity alone, without the evolutionary changes commonly assumed by theory.
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