Functional reclassification of the putative cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase multigene family in <i>Arabidopsis</i>
2004/01/26 by Sung‐Jin Kim, Sung-Jin Kim, Mi-Ran Kim +9 · 25 citations
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology · Agricultural and Biological Sciences · #Plant Gene Expression Analysis #Plant Stress Responses and Tolerance #Photosynthetic Processes and Mechanisms
paper · doi:10.1073/pnas.0307987100
Abstract
Of 17 genes annotated in the Arabidopsis genome database as cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) homologues, an in silico analysis revealed that 8 genes were misannotated. Of the remaining nine, six were catalytically competent for NADPH-dependent reduction of p-coumaryl, caffeyl, coniferyl, 5-hydroxyconiferyl, and sinapyl aldehydes, whereas three displayed very low activity and only at very high substrate concentrations. Of the nine putative CADs, two (AtCAD5 and AtCAD4) had the highest activity and homology (approximately 83% similarity) relative to bona fide CADs from other species. AtCAD5 used all five substrates effectively, whereas AtCAD4 (of lower overall catalytic capacity) poorly used sinapyl aldehyde; the corresponding 270-fold decrease in k(enz) resulted from higher K(m) and lower k(cat) values, respectively. No CAD homologue displayed a specific requirement for sinapyl aldehyde, which was in direct contrast with unfounded claims for a so-called sinapyl alcohol dehydrogenase in angiosperms. AtCAD2, 3, as well as AtCAD7 and 8 (highest homology to sinapyl alcohol dehydrogenase) were catalytically less active overall by at least an order of magnitude, due to increased K(m) and lower k(cat) values. Accordingly, alternative and/or bifunctional metabolic roles of these proteins in plant defense cannot be ruled out. Comprehensive analyses of lignified tissues of various Arabidopsis knockout mutants (for AtCAD5, 6, and 9) at different stages of growth/development indicated the presence of functionally redundant CAD metabolic networks. Moreover, disruption of AtCAD5 expression had only a small effect on either overall lignin amounts deposited, or on syringyl-guaiacyl compositions, despite being the most catalytically active form in vitro.
Cited by
- Ilioinguinal approach を用いた寛骨臼骨折の2例
- The cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase gene family in Populus: phylogeny, organization, and expression. [europepmc]
- Cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenases-C and D, key enzymes in lignin biosynthesis, play an essential role in disease resistance in Arabidopsis. [europepmc]
- Transcriptional regulation of the cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase gene from sweet potato in response to plant developmental stage and environmental stress. [europepmc]
- FaPOD27 functions in the metabolism of polyphenols in strawberry fruit (Fragaria sp.). [europepmc]
- Roles of lignin biosynthesis and regulatory genes in plant development. [europepmc]
- A Wheat Cinnamyl Alcohol Dehydrogenase TaCAD12 Contributes to Host Resistance to the Sharp Eyespot Disease. [europepmc]
- The Functional Characterization of a Site-Specific Apigenin 4'-O-methyltransferase Synthesized by the Liverwort Species Plagiochasma appendiculatum. [europepmc]
- Characterization and analysis of CCR and CAD gene families at the whole-genome level for lignin synthesis of stone cells in pear ( Pyrus bretschneideri ) fruit. [europepmc]
- Mutant Transcriptome Sequencing Provides Insights into Pod Development in Peanut ( Arachis hypogaea L.). [europepmc]
- Biochemical Characterization of the Rice Cinnamyl Alcohol Dehydrogenase Gene Family. [europepmc]
- Comparative Transcriptomics Analysis for Gene Mining and Identification of a Cinnamyl Alcohol Dehydrogenase Involved in Methyleugenol Biosynthesis from Asarum sieboldii Miq. [europepmc]
- Conservation of ethanol fermentation and its regulation in land plants. [europepmc]
- Heterologous Expression of GbTCP4, a Class II TCP Transcription Factor, Regulates Trichome Formation and Root Hair Development in Arabidopsis. [europepmc]
- Identification of enzymatic genes with the potential to reduce biomass recalcitrance through lignin manipulation in Arabidopsis . [europepmc]
- Multi-tissue transcriptome analysis using hybrid-sequencing reveals potential genes and biological pathways associated with azadirachtin A biosynthesis in neem (azadirachta indica). [europepmc]
- Identification and Functional Characterization of Genes Encoding Phenylacetaldehyde Reductases That Catalyze the Last Step in the Biosynthesis of Hydroxytyrosol in Olive. [europepmc]
- CAD Genes: Genome-Wide Identification, Evolution, and Their Contribution to Lignin Biosynthesis in Pear ( Pyrus bretschneideri ). [europepmc]
- Transcriptomic, Proteomic and Metabolomic Analysis of Flavonoid Biosynthesis During Fruit Maturation in Rubus chingii Hu . [europepmc]
- Differential transcriptome analysis and identification of genes related to resistance to blight in three varieties of Bambusa pervariabilis × Dendrocalamopsis grandis . [europepmc]
- Homo- and Hetero-Dimers of CAD Enzymes Regulate Lignification and Abiotic Stress Response in Moso Bamboo. [europepmc]
- Comprehensive Analysis of Endogenous Volatile Compounds, Transcriptome, and Enzyme Activity Reveals PmCAD1 Involved in Cinnamyl Alcohol Synthesis in Prunus mume . [europepmc]
- Identification and Characterization of Cinnamyl Alcohol Dehydrogenase Encoding Genes Involved in Lignin Biosynthesis and Resistance to Verticillium dahliae in Upland Cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.). [europepmc]
- Genome-wide analysis of the CAD gene family reveals two bona fide CAD genes in oil palm. [europepmc]
- Identification and Functional Analysis of CAD Gene Family in Pomegranate ( Punica granatum ). [europepmc]
- Genome-wide identification of the CAD gene family and functional analysis of putative bona fide CAD genes in tobacco ( Nicotiana tabacum L.). [europepmc]
Related