2021/05/31 by Gaoqing Cao, Lianyi He, Pengming Zhang · 9 citations
Physics and Astronomy · #Black Holes and Theoretical Physics #Condensed matter physics #Cosmic ray #Electron #High-Energy Particle Collisions Research #Lepton #Nuclear physics #Particle physics #Particle physics theoretical and experimental studies #Phase (matter) #Phase boundary #Physics #Pion #Quantum mechanics #Superfluidity #hep-ph #nucl-th
paper · pdf · open access · doi:10.1103/physrevd.104.054007
published in Physical review. D/Physical review. D. 104(5) (American Physical Society)
arxiv created 2021/08/17 · openalex publication_date 2021/09/13 · arxiv updated 2021/09/22 · openalex created_date 2025/10/10 · openalex updated_date 2026/08/05
In this work, we self-consistently explore the possibility of charged pion superfluidity and cosmic trajectories in early Universe under the framework of Polyakov-Nambu--Jona-Lasinio model. By taking the badly constrained lepton flavor asymmetries l\rm e and lμ as free parameters, the upper boundaries of pion superfluidity phase are consistently found to be around the pseudocritical temperature at zero chemical potentials. So the results greatly support the choice of T=0.16~\rm GeV as the upper boundary of pion superfluidity in the previous lattice QCD study. Take l\rm e+lμ=-0.2 as an example, we demonstrate the features of pion condensation and the associated cosmic trajectories with the evolution of early Universe. While the trajectory of electric chemical potential reacts strongly at both the lower and upper boundaries of reentrant pion superfluidity, the trajectories of other chemical potentials only respond strongly at the upper boundary.