2006/03/12 by H. Y. Cui, Huai-yang Cui, Cui, Huai-yang
Physics and Astronomy · #Classical Physics (physics.class-ph) #Experimental and Theoretical Physics Studies #FOS: Physical sciences #General Physics (physics.gen-ph) #Quantum Mechanics and Applications #Quantum and Classical Electrodynamics #physics.class-ph #physics.gen-ph
paper · pdf · doi:10.48550/arxiv.physics/0603091
6 pages, in LaTex, 1 EPS figure
openalex publication_date 2006/03/12 · arxiv created 2006/03/14 · arxiv updated 2009/12/01 · openalex created_date 2025/10/10 · openalex updated_date 2026/07/28
According to the theory of relativity, the 4-vector force acting on a particle is orthogonal to the 4-vector velocity of the particle, but we found that the electromagnetic force of the Maxwell's theory can not completely satisfy this orthogonality, this incompletion leads us to find that the electromagnetic force has two independent components in the 4 dimensional space time. A 4-vector force has 4 components, because of the orthogonality of 4-vector force and 4-vector velocity, the number of independent components of the force reduces to 3, while the electromagnetic force can merely provide 2 independent components, this situation means that there is an undefined component accompanying the electromagnetic force. This missing undefined component may serve as a hidden variable which quantum mechanics is eager to find for a long time. The primary purpose of this paper is to strictly proof that the electromagnetic force has two independent components in the 4 dimensional space time. We also briefly discuss the possibility that the undefined component of the electromagnetic force serves as a hidden variable for quantum mechanics.